{"id":601,"date":"2026-08-20T17:05:16","date_gmt":"2026-08-20T15:05:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/glossar\/bronchospasmus-narkose\/"},"modified":"2026-08-28T11:53:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T09:53:34","slug":"bronchospasm-anaesthesia","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/en\/glossar\/bronchospasmus-narkose\/","title":{"rendered":"Bronchospasm during anaesthesia: definition, causes and treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-apricot-light-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bronchospasm under anaesthesia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bronchospasm during anaesthesia is a sudden spasm of the smooth bronchial muscle during general anaesthesia, which narrows the airways and makes ventilation considerably more difficult. This complication occurs particularly frequently during induction of anaesthesia and requires immediate intervention by an anaesthetist.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#ursachen-und-ausloser-eines-bronchospasmus-wahrend-der-narkose\">Causes and triggers of bronchospasm during anaesthesia<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#symptome-und-intraoperative-erkennung-eines-bronchospasmus\">Symptoms and intraoperative detection of bronchospasm<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#therapie-und-behandlung-eines-bronchospasmus-in-der-narkose\">Management and treatment of bronchospasm during anaesthesia<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#pravention-von-bronchospasmus-vor-und-wahrend-der-narkose\">Prevention of bronchospasm before and during anaesthesia<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#bronchospasmus-als-komplikation-bei-schonheitsoperationen\">Bronchospasm as a complication of cosmetic surgery<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#haufig-gestellte-fragen-zu-bronchospasmus-in-der-narkose\">Frequently asked questions about bronchospasm during anaesthesia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-white-warm-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Important note<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This article is for information purposes only and is not a substitute for a medical diagnosis or advice. If you are unsure, or if you require a personalised treatment plan, it is essential that you consult a qualified specialist.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anyone planning cosmetic surgery rarely gives much thought to the term \u2018anaesthesia-induced bronchospasm\u2019, and yet this complication is one of the anaesthetic risks about which every patient should be informed. According to the specialist literature, perioperative bronchospasm occurs in general anaesthesia at a rate of approximately 0.2 to 2 %. The risk is significantly higher in people with bronchial asthma or COPD. A good understanding of the underlying factors helps patients to assess their own risk profile and to have an informed discussion with the anaesthesia team.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_01-schematische-darstellung-normaler-bronchien-im-vergleich-zu-.png\" alt=\"Schematic illustration of normal bronchi compared with constricted bronchi during a bronchospasm whilst under anaesthesia\" class=\"wp-image-494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_01-schematische-darstellung-normaler-bronchien-im-vergleich-zu-.png 1536w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_01-schematische-darstellung-normaler-bronchien-im-vergleich-zu--900x600.png 900w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_01-schematische-darstellung-normaler-bronchien-im-vergleich-zu--300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_01-schematische-darstellung-normaler-bronchien-im-vergleich-zu--768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_01-schematische-darstellung-normaler-bronchien-im-vergleich-zu--1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_01-schematische-darstellung-normaler-bronchien-im-vergleich-zu--18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_01-schematische-darstellung-normaler-bronchien-im-vergleich-zu--40x27.png 40w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ursachen-und-ausloser-eines-bronchospasmus-wahrend-der-narkose\">Causes and triggers of bronchospasm during anaesthesia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-apricot-light-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key points at a glance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pre-existing conditions: bronchial asthma, COPD, bronchial hyperreactivity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mechanical stimuli: intubation, laryngoscopy, secretions in the airways<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pharmacological triggers: histamine-releasing agents, insufficient depth of anaesthesia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reflex mechanism: vagal stimulation via the vagus nerve<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other factors: acute respiratory infection, active smoking, anaphylaxis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<svg aria-label=\"Bronchospasmus in der Narkose: Ausl\u00f6ser, Erkennung und Therapiepfad im \u00dcberblick\" role=\"img\" style=\"width:100%; height:auto; display:block;\" viewbox=\"0 0 800 420\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title>Bronchospasm during anaesthesia: triggers, diagnosis and management pathway<\/title><desc>Infographic: Triggers, intraoperative detection and stepwise management of bronchospasm during anaesthesia, as at July 2026.<\/desc><rect fill=\"var(--surface, #f9fafb)\" height=\"420\" rx=\"8\" stroke=\"var(--border, #e4e4e4)\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"800\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Roboto Slab', serif\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"600\" text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"400\" y=\"34\">Bronchospasm during anaesthesia: triggers, diagnosis and management pathway<\/text><rect fill=\"#cc3578\" height=\"34\" rx=\"6\" width=\"220\" x=\"24\" y=\"54\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Roboto Slab', serif\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"600\" text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"134\" y=\"76\">Trigger<\/text><rect fill=\"#ffffff\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#e4e4e4\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"220\" x=\"24\" y=\"96\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#cc3578\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"44\" y=\"117\">From the patient\u2019s perspective<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"44\" y=\"133\">Asthma, COPD, history of smoking,<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"44\" y=\"145\">bronchial hyperresponsiveness<\/text><rect fill=\"#ffffff\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#e4e4e4\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"220\" x=\"24\" y=\"156\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#cc3578\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"44\" y=\"177\">Anaesthesiological<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"44\" y=\"193\">Intubation, laryngoscopy,<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"44\" y=\"205\">Histamine release, aspiration<\/text><rect fill=\"#ffffff\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#e4e4e4\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"220\" x=\"24\" y=\"216\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#cc3578\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"44\" y=\"237\">Pharmacological<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"44\" y=\"253\">Morphine, Vecuronium,<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"44\" y=\"265\">certain NSAIDs<\/text><path d=\"M 244 185 L 276 185\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#arrowhead)\" stroke=\"#cc3578\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/path><rect fill=\"#f14d97\" height=\"34\" rx=\"6\" width=\"240\" x=\"280\" y=\"54\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Roboto Slab', serif\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"600\" text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"400\" y=\"76\">Intraoperative detection<\/text><rect fill=\"#fff0f7\" height=\"44\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#f9c6de\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"240\" x=\"280\" y=\"96\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#f14d97\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"300\" y=\"114\">Clinical signs<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"300\" y=\"130\">Wheezing, whistling, increased ventilatory resistance<\/text><rect fill=\"#fff0f7\" height=\"44\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#f9c6de\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"240\" x=\"280\" y=\"148\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#f14d97\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"300\" y=\"166\">Monitoring<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"300\" y=\"182\">SpO2 falling, capnography abnormal<\/text><rect fill=\"#fff0f7\" height=\"44\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#f9c6de\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"240\" x=\"280\" y=\"200\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#f14d97\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"300\" y=\"218\">Ventilation<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"300\" y=\"234\">High peak pressure, prolonged exhalation<\/text><rect fill=\"#fef3c7\" height=\"34\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#fcd34d\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"240\" x=\"280\" y=\"252\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#92400e\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"300\" y=\"265\">Rule out differential diagnoses:<\/text><text fill=\"#92400e\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" x=\"300\" y=\"278\">Laryngospasm, pneumothorax, misplacement of the airway tube<\/text><path d=\"M 520 185 L 552 185\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#arrowhead)\" stroke=\"#cc3578\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/path><rect fill=\"#a8003c\" height=\"34\" rx=\"6\" width=\"220\" x=\"556\" y=\"54\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Roboto Slab', serif\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"600\" text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"666\" y=\"76\">Step-by-step therapy<\/text><rect fill=\"#fff0f7\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#f9c6de\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"220\" x=\"556\" y=\"96\"><\/rect><rect fill=\"#a8003c\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" width=\"28\" x=\"556\" y=\"96\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"570\" y=\"119\">1<\/text><text fill=\"#a8003c\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"596\" y=\"110\">Eliminate the cause<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"9\" x=\"596\" y=\"124\">Stop manipulation<\/text><rect fill=\"#fff0f7\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#f9c6de\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"220\" x=\"556\" y=\"140\"><\/rect><rect fill=\"#a8003c\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" width=\"28\" x=\"556\" y=\"140\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"570\" y=\"163\">2<\/text><text fill=\"#a8003c\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"596\" y=\"154\">100 % Oxygen<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"9\" x=\"596\" y=\"168\">Ensure oxygenation<\/text><rect fill=\"#fff0f7\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#f9c6de\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"220\" x=\"556\" y=\"184\"><\/rect><rect fill=\"#a8003c\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" width=\"28\" x=\"556\" y=\"184\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"570\" y=\"207\">3<\/text><text fill=\"#a8003c\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"596\" y=\"198\">Deepen the anaesthesia<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"9\" x=\"596\" y=\"212\">Propofol or ketamine by intravenous injection.<\/text><rect fill=\"#fff0f7\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#f9c6de\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"220\" x=\"556\" y=\"228\"><\/rect><rect fill=\"#a8003c\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" width=\"28\" x=\"556\" y=\"228\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"570\" y=\"251\">4<\/text><text fill=\"#a8003c\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"596\" y=\"242\">Beta-2 agonists<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"9\" x=\"596\" y=\"256\">Salbutamol (inhaled \/ intravenous).<\/text><rect fill=\"#fff0f7\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" stroke=\"#f9c6de\" stroke-width=\"1\" width=\"220\" x=\"556\" y=\"272\"><\/rect><rect fill=\"#a8003c\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" width=\"28\" x=\"556\" y=\"272\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" x=\"570\" y=\"295\">5<\/text><text fill=\"#a8003c\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"596\" y=\"286\">Glucocorticoids<\/text><text fill=\"#333333\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"9\" x=\"596\" y=\"300\">Methylprednisolone i.v.<\/text><rect fill=\"#cc3578\" height=\"50\" rx=\"8\" width=\"490\" x=\"24\" y=\"292\"><\/rect><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" x=\"44\" y=\"312\">Incidence under general anaesthesia:<\/text><text fill=\"#ffffff\" font-family=\"'Montserrat', sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" x=\"44\" y=\"330\">approx. 0.2\u20132 % of all cases; significantly more common in high-risk patients (asthma, COPD)<\/text><defs><marker id=\"arrowhead\" markerheight=\"7\" markerwidth=\"10\" orient=\"auto\" refx=\"9\" refy=\"3.5\"><polygon fill=\"#cc3578\" points=\"0 0, 10 3.5, 0 7\"><\/polygon><\/marker><\/defs><\/svg>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Bronchospasm during anaesthesia: triggers, intraoperative detection and prioritised management pathway at a glance. Updated: July 2026.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_02-an-sthesie-setting-im-operationssaal-mit-beatmungsger-t-und-.png\" alt=\"Anaesthetic settings in the operating theatre involving a ventilator and an endotracheal tube as a possible trigger for bronchospasm.\" class=\"wp-image-498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_02-an-sthesie-setting-im-operationssaal-mit-beatmungsger-t-und-.png 1536w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_02-an-sthesie-setting-im-operationssaal-mit-beatmungsger-t-und--900x600.png 900w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_02-an-sthesie-setting-im-operationssaal-mit-beatmungsger-t-und--300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_02-an-sthesie-setting-im-operationssaal-mit-beatmungsger-t-und--768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_02-an-sthesie-setting-im-operationssaal-mit-beatmungsger-t-und--1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_02-an-sthesie-setting-im-operationssaal-mit-beatmungsger-t-und--18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_02-an-sthesie-setting-im-operationssaal-mit-beatmungsger-t-und--40x27.png 40w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bronchospasm during anaesthesia occurs when the airways respond to a stimulus with an excessive protective reaction. The smooth bronchial muscles contract; a mechanism which, whilst awake, protects against the inhalation of harmful substances, but which becomes a problem during anaesthesia because the patient is unable to actively counteract it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vorerkrankungen-asthma-copd-und-bronchiale-hyperreaktivitat\">Pre-existing conditions: asthma, COPD and bronchial hyperreactivity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bronchial asthma is the most significant risk factor for perioperative bronchospasm. According to a study published in the <em>Anaesthetology &amp; Intensive Care Medicine<\/em> According to a published review, people with asthma only have a rate of perioperative respiratory complications comparable to that of the general population during symptom-free periods. Those with active symptoms \u2013 such as wheezing, shortness of breath or an increased need for bronchodilators \u2013 are at a significantly higher risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) also increases the risk, although the mechanism differs from that of asthma: Whilst asthma is primarily characterised by inflammatory hyper-reactivity, the airway obstruction in COPD is partly structural, resulting from emphysema and mucus production. Both conditions predispose the airways to hypersensitivity reactions to mechanical and chemical stimuli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even people who have not been diagnosed with asthma but who experience a coughing reflex in response to cold, pollen or cigarette smoke may have subclinical bronchial hyperreactivity. This is often not recognised pre-operatively unless a targeted medical history is taken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mechanische-und-pharmakologische-ausloser-durch-intubation-und-narkosemittel\">Mechanical and pharmacological triggers caused by intubation and anaesthetics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Endotracheal intubation is the most potent mechanical trigger of bronchospasm during anaesthesia. The tube comes into contact with the mucous membranes of the larynx and trachea, areas with a high density of receptors for the cough reflex. If the depth of anaesthesia is insufficient, this contact triggers a vagus nerve-mediated reflex: the vagus nerve sends signals to the smooth bronchial muscles, which then go into spasm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From a pharmacological perspective, histamine-releasing agents play an important role. Certain muscle relaxants, such as atracurium, can release histamine from mast cells, which has a direct bronchoconstrictive effect. Anaphylaxis to latex, antibiotics or other substances used perioperatively can also trigger severe bronchospasm, which is clinically almost indistinguishable from reflex bronchospasm but requires a different emergency protocol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-bb0cbca6 wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-white-warm-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Patient-related risk factors<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bronchial asthma<\/strong> (active or in the past), <strong>COPD<\/strong>, <strong>Acute respiratory tract infection<\/strong>, <strong>Smoking<\/strong> (including ex-smokers up to 8 weeks after giving up), <strong>Known allergy to anaesthetics or latex<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-white-warm-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Anaesthesiological triggers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Laryngoscopy and intubation<\/strong>, <strong>Shallow anaesthetic depth<\/strong> at the time of intubation, <strong>Anaesthetics that release histamine<\/strong>, <strong>Aspirated secretion or blood<\/strong>, <strong>Cold or dry inhaled air<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"symptome-und-intraoperative-erkennung-eines-bronchospasmus\">Symptoms and intraoperative detection of bronchospasm<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-apricot-light-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key points at a glance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Audible wheezing (whistling) during exhalation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A significant increase in peak pressure on the ventilator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Decrease in oxygen saturation (SpO\u2082)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prolonged exhalation phase, incomplete exhalation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In severe cases: \u201esilent lung\u201c, no breath sounds audible on auscultation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_03-an-sthesie-monitor-mit-kapnografie-und-sauerstoffs-ttigungsk.png\" alt=\"Anaesthesia monitor with capnography and oxygen saturation waveforms for the intraoperative detection of bronchospasm.\" class=\"wp-image-520\" srcset=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_03-an-sthesie-monitor-mit-kapnografie-und-sauerstoffs-ttigungsk.png 1536w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_03-an-sthesie-monitor-mit-kapnografie-und-sauerstoffs-ttigungsk-900x600.png 900w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_03-an-sthesie-monitor-mit-kapnografie-und-sauerstoffs-ttigungsk-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_03-an-sthesie-monitor-mit-kapnografie-und-sauerstoffs-ttigungsk-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_03-an-sthesie-monitor-mit-kapnografie-und-sauerstoffs-ttigungsk-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_03-an-sthesie-monitor-mit-kapnografie-und-sauerstoffs-ttigungsk-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_03-an-sthesie-monitor-mit-kapnografie-und-sauerstoffs-ttigungsk-40x27.png 40w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A bronchospasm during anaesthesia initially manifests itself to the anaesthesia team as a change in ventilation parameters: the pressure required to force air into the lungs rises sharply. At the same time, the exhalation phase is prolonged, as the constricted bronchial muscles allow air to escape only slowly. This phenomenon is known as \u201eair trapping\u201c and can lead to a dangerous rise in pulmonary pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On auscultation \u2013 that is, when listening to the lungs with a stethoscope \u2013 the anaesthesia team hears a characteristic expiratory wheeze. However, in the event of complete bronchospasm, the breath sound is completely absent: this \u201esilent lung\u201c is an alarming sign that requires immediate action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important for patients: You will not feel a bronchospasm yourself, as you will be unconscious during general anaesthesia. The anaesthesia team continuously monitors all relevant parameters \u2013 heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and ventilation pressure \u2013 and is therefore able to detect bronchospasm at an early stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"abgrenzung-zu-ahnlichen-komplikationen-was-ist-kein-bronchospasmus\">Distinguishing it from similar complications: What is not a bronchospasm?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not every deterioration in ventilation during anaesthesia is a bronchospasm. The anaesthesia team must quickly distinguish between the various possible causes, as the treatment differs in each case:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Complication<\/th><th>Cause<\/th><th>Key distinguishing feature<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Bronchospasm<\/td><td>Spasms of the bronchial muscles<\/td><td>Giemen, high ventilation pressure, bilateral<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Laryngospasm<\/td><td>Tension in the vocal cord muscles<\/td><td>Stridor-like sound, lack of tidal volume despite attempts at ventilation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tubal malposition<\/td><td>The tube is not in the trachea<\/td><td>Absence of breath sounds on one side, rapid drop in SpO\u2082<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pneumothorax<\/td><td>Air in the pleural space<\/td><td>Absence of breath sounds on one side, drop in blood pressure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Anaphylaxis<\/td><td>Immediate allergic reaction<\/td><td>In addition, a drop in blood pressure, skin changes, tachycardia<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This distinction is clinically crucial: laryngospasm, or spasm of the vocal cords, often occurs during the emergence phase of anaesthesia, when the patient is no longer in a deep sleep but is not yet fully awake. Bronchospasm, on the other hand, typically occurs during induction. Both complications require different emergency measures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"therapie-und-behandlung-eines-bronchospasmus-in-der-narkose\">Management and treatment of bronchospasm during anaesthesia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-apricot-light-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key points at a glance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Eliminate the trigger immediately (stop the intubation stimulus, increase the depth of anaesthesia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>100 % Administer oxygen; perform manual ventilation if necessary<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Administer inhaled \u03b22-sympathomimetics (e.g. salbutamol) via the tube<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If there is no response: intravenous salbutamol or adrenaline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glucocorticoids (e.g. prednisolone) to reduce inflammation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If anaphylaxis is suspected: administer adrenaline intravenously as an emergency treatment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list is-style-step-list\">\n<li><strong>Deal with the cause straight away<\/strong> Stop mechanical stimulation: suspend intubation or suctioning; stop laryngoscopy. Avoid any further airway manipulation whilst the spasm persists.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>100 % Administer oxygen<\/strong> Ensure immediate oxygenation with pure oxygen. Administer manual ventilation using a resuscitation bag at a higher pressure, slowly and in a controlled manner, to avoid auto-PEEP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Deepen the anaesthesia<\/strong> Administer propofol (1\u20132 mg\/kg intravenously) or ketamine (1\u20132 mg\/kg intravenously) to deepen anaesthesia. Ketamine has a direct bronchodilator effect and is particularly suitable in cases of severe bronchospasm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inhaled beta-2 sympathomimetics<\/strong> Administer salbutamol (2\u20138 puffs) via the tube adapter using a nebuliser. Alternatively: administer intravenously if there is no response to inhalation (250 \u00b5g salbutamol intravenously, administered slowly). The effect of inhaled treatment begins after 1\u20133 minutes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Systemic glucocorticoids<\/strong> Methylprednisolone (1\u20132 mg\/kg intravenously) or hydrocortisone (200 mg intravenously) for anti-inflammatory treatment. The effect sets in after 15\u201330 minutes; therefore, these should be administered early on, alongside bronchodilators.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adjust the ventilation strategy<\/strong> Low respiratory rate (8\u201310\/min), prolonged expiratory phase (I:E ratio 1:3 to 1:4), low tidal volumes. Accept permissive hypercapnia. Consult an anaesthetist and the intensive care team.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_04-sterile-vorbereitung-von-notfallmedikamenten-und-beatmungszu.png\" alt=\"Sterile preparation of emergency medication and ventilation equipment for the treatment of intraoperative bronchospasm.\" class=\"wp-image-553\" srcset=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_04-sterile-vorbereitung-von-notfallmedikamenten-und-beatmungszu.png 1536w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_04-sterile-vorbereitung-von-notfallmedikamenten-und-beatmungszu-900x600.png 900w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_04-sterile-vorbereitung-von-notfallmedikamenten-und-beatmungszu-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_04-sterile-vorbereitung-von-notfallmedikamenten-und-beatmungszu-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_04-sterile-vorbereitung-von-notfallmedikamenten-und-beatmungszu-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_04-sterile-vorbereitung-von-notfallmedikamenten-und-beatmungszu-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_04-sterile-vorbereitung-von-notfallmedikamenten-und-beatmungszu-40x27.png 40w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The management of bronchospasm during anaesthesia follows a clear step-by-step approach. It is crucial that the anaesthesia team identifies the cause of the bronchospasm, as the measures taken for reflex bronchospasm differ in some respects from those for an anaphylactic reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Eliminate the cause:<\/strong> Where possible, the triggering stimulus is stopped immediately. If the intubation triggered the spasm, it is completed as quickly as possible. The anaesthesia is deepened to suppress reflex activity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oxygen administration and ventilation adjustment:<\/strong> The ventilator is switched to 100 % oxygen. The ventilator pressure is adjusted and the expiratory time is extended to reduce air trapping.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inhaled bronchodilators:<\/strong> \u03b22-sympathomimetics such as salbutamol are administered directly into the airways via the ventilator tube. Salbutamol relaxes the smooth bronchial muscles within minutes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Systemic medicines:<\/strong> In cases of severe or persistent bronchospasm, intravenous salbutamol, theophylline or adrenaline are used. Glucocorticoids reduce the inflammatory response, but their effect is delayed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Anaphylaxis protocol in the event of a suspected case:<\/strong> If an allergic reaction is suspected, intravenous adrenaline is the treatment of choice, combined with fluid replacement and, if necessary, subsequent intensive care monitoring.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anasthetika-auswahl-propofol-ketamin-und-volatile-anasthetika-im-vergleich\">Choice of anaesthetics: a comparison of propofol, ketamine and volatile anaesthetics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The choice of anaesthetic has a significant influence on the likelihood of bronchospasm occurring and on how effectively it can be treated. According to the specialist literature, propofol is considered the preferred induction agent for patients with obstructive lung diseases: it suppresses airway reflexes more effectively than comparable substances and has a mild bronchodilatory effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ketamine also has bronchodilator properties via a sympathomimetic-like effect. In practice, ketamine is used as an emergency anaesthetic in cases of status asthmaticus \u2013 that is, a severe, difficult-to-control asthma attack \u2013 because it simultaneously dilates the airways and deepens the anaesthesia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>anaesthetic<\/th><th>Effect on the bronchi<\/th><th>Suitable for high-risk patients?<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Propofol<\/td><td>Mildly bronchodilatory, strongly suppresses airway activity<\/td><td>Yes, preferred inducer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ketamine<\/td><td>Bronchodilator (sympathomimetic)<\/td><td>Yes, particularly in cases of severe bronchospasm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sevoflurane (volatile)<\/td><td>Bronchodilating, low potential for irritation<\/td><td>Yes, the inhaled anaesthetic of choice for asthma<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Desflurane (volatile)<\/td><td>May cause respiratory irritation<\/td><td>Use with caution; avoid in cases of bronchial hyperreactivity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Atracurium (muscle relaxant)<\/td><td>Histamine-releasing, bronchoconstrictive<\/td><td>Avoid, choose an alternative<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Volatile anaesthetics \u2013 that is, inhaled anaesthetic gases such as sevoflurane \u2013 have a direct relaxant effect on the smooth bronchial muscles. Sevoflurane is currently considered to be the inhalation anaesthetic with the most favourable pharmacological profile for patients with obstructive lung diseases. Desflurane, on the other hand, irritates the airways and should be avoided in cases where there is a known risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pravention-von-bronchospasmus-vor-und-wahrend-der-narkose\">Prevention of bronchospasm before and during anaesthesia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-apricot-light-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key points at a glance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Full medical history prior to the procedure: disclose any asthma, allergies or medication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pre-operative optimisation: Inhalation therapy for active asthma<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Postpone elective surgery in the event of an acute respiratory infection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stop smoking at least 8 weeks before the procedure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Targeted choice of anaesthetics: give preference to propofol and sevoflurane<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider regional anaesthesia if the procedure can be performed without airway management<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_05-pr-operatives-aufkl-rungsgespr-ch-zwischen-arzt-und-patient-.png\" alt=\"A pre-operative consultation between the doctor and the patient to assess the risks prior to a planned operation.\" class=\"wp-image-564\" srcset=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_05-pr-operatives-aufkl-rungsgespr-ch-zwischen-arzt-und-patient-.png 1536w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_05-pr-operatives-aufkl-rungsgespr-ch-zwischen-arzt-und-patient--900x600.png 900w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_05-pr-operatives-aufkl-rungsgespr-ch-zwischen-arzt-und-patient--300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_05-pr-operatives-aufkl-rungsgespr-ch-zwischen-arzt-und-patient--768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_05-pr-operatives-aufkl-rungsgespr-ch-zwischen-arzt-und-patient--1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_05-pr-operatives-aufkl-rungsgespr-ch-zwischen-arzt-und-patient--18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/4beauty.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-07_05-pr-operatives-aufkl-rungsgespr-ch-zwischen-arzt-und-patient--40x27.png 40w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prevention begins long before the operating theatre. The most important tool is the informative discussion between the patient and the anaesthesia team \u2013 known as the pre-medication consultation. Openly discussing known risk factors enables the team to make individual preparations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"praoperative-massnahmen-lungenfunktion-optimieren\">Pre-operative measures: Optimising lung function<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In patients diagnosed with bronchial asthma or COPD, it should be checked prior to an elective procedure whether lung function is optimally controlled. The measure used is FEV\u2081, the one-second forced expiratory volume, i.e. the volume of air that can be exhaled in one second. According to the specialist literature, an improvement in FEV\u2081 of 15 % following inhalation of a bronchodilator is considered significant and indicates that the airways are still obstructed to a degree that can be treated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elective cosmetic surgery should not be performed if a patient has an acute cold or an active respiratory tract infection. Even a seemingly mild infection increases bronchial irritability for several weeks. Many anaesthesia teams recommend waiting at least four to six weeks after an infection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Smokers benefit from giving up smoking, but there is one often surprising caveat: in the first two weeks after giving up, mucus production in the airways may temporarily increase, which can raise the risk of bronchospasm in the short term. It is only after eight weeks of nicotine abstinence that the perioperative risk to the airways decreases measurably.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wahl-des-narkoseverfahrens-regionalanasthesie-als-alternative\">Choice of anaesthetic technique: regional anaesthesia as an alternative<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regional anaesthesia techniques, such as those administered near the spinal cord\u2014including spinal or epidural anaesthesia\u2014avoid any manipulation of the airways. They are suitable for many cosmetic procedures on the abdomen, hips or legs. For high-risk patients with poorly controlled respiratory conditions, regional anaesthesia has the clear advantage of completely avoiding the most dangerous trigger of bronchospasm: intubation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If general anaesthesia is unavoidable, using a laryngeal mask (LMA) instead of an endotracheal tube can reduce the risk. The laryngeal mask is positioned above the larynx and does not come into direct contact with the most sensitive parts of the airway, an advantage that can be utilised in patients with mild airway disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-white-warm-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Information for patients<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before undergoing cosmetic surgery, please provide your anaesthesia team with full details of any respiratory conditions, known allergies to medicines or latex, and any inhalers you use regularly. This information is crucial for planning the anaesthesia and can significantly reduce the risk of perioperative bronchospasm.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bronchospasmus-als-komplikation-bei-schonheitsoperationen\">Bronchospasm as a complication of cosmetic surgery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cosmetic procedures such as liposuction, rhinoplasty or abdominoplasty are predominantly carried out under general anaesthesia. This means that all anaesthetic complications, including bronchospasm, can in principle also occur during elective cosmetic surgery, even if the procedure itself is medically straightforward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A bronchospasm is not in itself a complication of cosmetic treatment, but rather a reaction to the anaesthetic. Nevertheless, it can lead to a prolonged hospital stay, intensive care monitoring or, in rare, severe cases, further treatment. The costs of such follow-up treatment are often not covered by statutory health insurance schemes if the original procedure was purely cosmetic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Experience shows that it is precisely this scenario that places patients under considerable financial strain following cosmetic surgery: it is not the planned operation that incurs the costs, but the unexpected complication that arises afterwards. A <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/en\/after-care-insurance\/\">Consequential Costs Insurance<\/a><\/strong> This policy bridges this gap and covers medically necessary treatment arising in connection with the insured procedure, providing cover of up to 300,000 euros against health insurance funds. The policy can be taken out online up to 24 hours before the procedure. Further information on terms and conditions and frequently asked questions can be found in our <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/en\/after-care-insurance\/questions-and-answers\/\">FAQ section<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-boxed has-anchor-light-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Complications arising from anaesthesia are covered by insurance, even if no negligence can be attributed to either the patient or the doctor. Insurance against consequential costs provides you with financial security, allowing you to focus on your recovery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"haufig-gestellte-fragen-zu-bronchospasmus-in-der-narkose\">Frequently asked questions about bronchospasm during anaesthesia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-1&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-1-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-1\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">What is the difference between bronchospasm and laryngospasm during anaesthesia?<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-1\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-1-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bronchospasm and laryngospasm are both respiratory complications that occur during anaesthesia, but they arise in different parts of the respiratory tract. A bronchospasm is a spasm of the smooth muscle in the lower airways (bronchi), recognisable by wheezing and increased ventilation pressure. Laryngospasm affects the vocal cord muscles in the larynx and blocks the upper airways; it often occurs upon waking from anaesthesia. Both complications require immediate action, but different measures are needed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-2&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-2\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Is a bronchospasm during anaesthesia life-threatening?<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-2\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A severe bronchospasm can be life-threatening because it cuts off the body\u2019s supply of oxygen. In the hands of an experienced anaesthesia team, bronchospasm is detected at an early stage through continuous monitoring and treated promptly by deepening the anaesthesia, administering oxygen and using bronchodilator drugs such as salbutamol. Mild cases are clinically manageable. The immediate action taken by the medical team in the first few minutes is crucial.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-3&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-3-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-3\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Which anaesthetics are safer for people with known asthma?<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-3\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-3-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Propofol is considered the anaesthetic of choice for patients with asthma because it strongly suppresses airway reflexes and has a mild bronchodilator effect. Sevoflurane is the inhalation anaesthetic of choice, as it directly relaxes the bronchi. Ketamine is used in cases of severe bronchospasm because it both anaesthetises and dilates the airways. Histamine-releasing muscle relaxants such as atracurium should be avoided in high-risk patients; alternative substances without this effect are available.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-4&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-4-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-4\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Who is at increased risk of bronchospasm during anaesthesia?<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-4\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-4-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Patients with bronchial asthma are particularly at risk, especially if they are experiencing active symptoms. COPD, chronic respiratory tract infections and smoking also increase the risk. Anyone who experiences a coughing reflex in response to cold, exertion or certain substances may have subclinical bronchial hyperreactivity. All these pre-existing conditions must be disclosed during the pre-medication consultation so that the anaesthesia team can plan accordingly for each individual.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-5&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-5-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-5\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">What financial consequences can a bronchospasm following cosmetic surgery have?<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-5\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-5-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If an anaesthetic complication, such as severe bronchospasm, arises following a cosmetic procedure, this may require intensive care monitoring, extended hospital stays or follow-up treatment. Statutory health insurance often does not cover these costs for purely cosmetic procedures. Follow-up cost insurance, such as that offered by 4beauty, covers medically necessary follow-up treatment, up to 300,000 euros in the event of claims for reimbursement by the health insurance provider and up to 10,000 euros for treatment directly at cosmetic clinics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bronchospasm during anaesthesia is a sudden spasm of the bronchial muscles, which narrows the airways and requires immediate intervention.<\/p>","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-601","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/601","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/4beauty.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=601"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}